This is known as an Over the Shoulder shot which is a shot of someone or something taken from the perspective from the shoulder of another person and is most commonly used when two individuals are having a conversation. 

This is known as a High Angle shot and is where the camera angle is located above the eye-line and looks down on what is happening and make the figures inside it look powerless or vulnerable and are most commonly used to make a scene more dramatic. 

This is known as a Long shot where you can see a large amount of the scenery and you see the whole bodies of the people in the shot. It is most commonly used in genres such as thrillers, action or disaster movies to give a more thrilling effect.